Compare Svalbard (2004) - Arctic Ocean (2006)

Compare Svalbard (2004) z Arctic Ocean (2006)

	Svalbard (2004)	Arctic Ocean (2006)

Age structure	0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA	-
Airports	4 (2003 est.)	-
Airports - with paved runways	total: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1523 m: 1 (2004 est.)	-
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)	-
Area	total: 62,049 sq km land: 62,049 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island)	total: 14.056 million sq km note: includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies
Area - comparative	slightly smaller than West Virginia	slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US
Background	First discovered by the Norwegians in the 12th century, the islands served as an international whaling base during the 17th and 18th centuries. Norway's sovereignty was recognized in 1920; five years later it officially took over the territory.	The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the recently delimited Southern Ocean). The Northwest Passage (US and Canada) and Northern Sea Route (Norway and Russia) are two important seasonal waterways. A sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes circumscribes the Arctic Ocean.
Birth rate	NA births/1,000 population	-
Budget	revenues: $11.5 million expenditures: $11.5 million, including capital expenditures of NA (1998 est.)	-
Capital	Longyearbyen	-
Climate	arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year	polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow
Coastline	3,587 km	45,389 km
Country name	conventional long form: none conventional short form: Svalbard (sometimes referred to as Spitzbergen)	-
Currency	Norwegian krone (NOK)	-
Death rate	NA deaths/1,000 population	-
Dependency status	territory of Norway; administered by the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice, through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 February 1920) sovereignty was awarded to Norway	-
Disputes - international	despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone	some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Economic aid - recipient	$8.2 million from Norway (1998)	-
Economy - overview	Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. The treaty of 9 February 1920 gives the 41 signatories equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on Svalbard are essentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some hunting of seal, reindeer, and fox.	Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals.
Electricity - consumption	NA kWh	-
Electricity - production	NA kWh	-
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Arctic Ocean 0 m highest point: Newtontoppen 1,717 m	lowest point: Fram Basin -4,665 m highest point: sea level 0 m
Environment - current issues	NA	endangered marine species include walruses and whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack
Ethnic groups	Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3% (1998)	-
Exchange rates	Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 7.0802 (2003), 7.9838 (2002), 8.9917 (2001), 8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999)	-
Executive branch	chief of state: King HARALD V of Norway (since 17 January 1991) head of government: Governor Odd Olsen INGERO (since 8 June 2001) and Assistant Governor Rune Baard HANSEN (since NA) elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor and assistant governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice	-
Exports	NA	-
Flag description	the flag of Norway is used	-
GDP	purchasing power parity - NA	-
GDP - per capita	purchasing power parity - NA	-
GDP - real growth rate	NA	-
Geographic coordinates	78 00 N, 20 00 E	90 00 N, 0 00 E
Geography - note	northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway; consists of nine main islands; glaciers and snowfields cover 60% of the total area	major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia; floating research stations operated by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean; snow cover lasts about 10 months
Highways	total: NA km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km	-
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA	-
Imports	NA	-
Independence	none (territory of Norway)	-
Industrial production growth rate	NA	-
Infant mortality rate	total: NA male: NA female: NA	-
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	NA	-
International organization participation	none	-
Irrigated land	NA sq km	-
Labor force	NA	-
Land boundaries	0 km	-
Land use	arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (no trees, and the only bushes are crowberry and cloudberry) (2001)	-
Languages	Norwegian, Russian	-
Legal system	NA	-
Life expectancy at birth	total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA years	-
Literacy	NA	-
Location	Northern Europe, islands between the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea, north of Norway	body of water between Europe, Asia, and North America, mostly north of the Arctic Circle
Map references	Arctic Region	Arctic Region
Maritime claims	territorial sea: 4 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway but not recognized by Russia	-
Merchant marine	none	-
Military - note	demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920)	-
National holiday	NA	-
Natural hazards	ice floes often block the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic	ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May
Natural resources	coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, phosphate, wildlife, fish	sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)
Net migration rate	NA migrant(s)/1,000 population	-
Population	2,756 (July 2004 est.)	-
Population below poverty line	NA	-
Population growth rate	-0.02% (2004 est.)	-
Ports and harbors	Barentsburg, Longyearbyen, Ny-Alesund, Pyramiden	-
Radio broadcast stations	AM 1, FM 1 (plus 2 repeaters), shortwave 0 (1998)	-
Sex ratio	NA	-
Telephone system	general assessment: probably adequate domestic: local telephone service international: country code - 47-790; satellite earth station - 1 of unknown type (for communication with Norwegian mainland only)	-
Telephones - main lines in use	NA	-
Telephones - mobile cellular	NA	-
Television broadcast stations	NA	-
Terrain	wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear of ice about one-half of the year; fjords along west and north coasts	central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that, on average, is about 3 meters thick, although pressure ridges may be three times that thickness; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight-line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the icepack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling landmasses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonosov Ridge)
Total fertility rate	NA children born/woman	-
Transportation - note	-	sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are important seasonal waterways

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